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Scaling Intelligence: The Exponential Growth of AI's Power Needs

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Report

You, Joshua, and David Owen. 2025. Scaling Intelligence: The Exponential Growth of AI’s Power Needs. No. 000000003002033669. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). https://www.epri.com/research/products/000000003002033669

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI)—particularly the training of large-scale “frontier models”—is driving renewed growth in electricity demand. This report analyzes the technical drivers of AI power consumption, projects future demand trajectories for individual training sites and broader AI needs, and highlights energy sector implications.

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